GHRH analog is one of those subjects where the details matter more than the headlines. This page pulls together the background, the mechanisms, and the practical points readers ask about most.
Last reviewed on 2026-03-09. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone, constructed on the 29-amino-acid fragment designated GRF(1-29). The name began as an internal development code during the 1990s and later spread through research supply catalogs and discussion forums. The molecule does not occur in nature; its sequence is engineered rather than isolated from tissue. Two related compounds are sold under this single label, and they differ by one appended chemical group that strongly influences how long the peptide remains in circulation.
The dividing feature between the two forms is a maleimide-based drug affinity complex, abbreviated DAC. In the DAC-bearing version, a linker attaches the peptide to serum albumin after administration, and that association slows removal from plasma. The version lacking DAC appears in catalogs as MOD GRF(1-29) or tetrasubstituted GRF(1-29). Because informal writing treats both as one item, comparisons drawn from such sources routinely blend measurements taken from two molecules with substantially different behavior.
Four amino acid substitutions separate the modified backbone from the parent GRF(1-29) sequence. These changes reduce recognition by dipeptidyl peptidase IV and related proteases, extending the interval before degradation. Development work in this area sought longer-acting GHRH analogs for endocrine investigation. Published descriptions treat the substitution set as a defining property of the core sequence, while the albumin-binding linker is described separately as an optional addition to that same backbone.
Identity and purity are established with reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The chromatographic step separates the target peptide from truncated sequences and deletion products, while the mass measurement confirms the expected molecular weight to within a fraction of a dalton. Because the two common variants differ by the presence of the linker, mass alone can distinguish them in the unconjugated state. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping are used when sequence level confirmation is required.
Lyophilized material is generally stable for extended periods when held at minus twenty degrees Celsius or below and protected from moisture and light. In solution the peptide is more labile; bond hydrolysis, aggregation and oxidation of susceptible residues all proceed faster at ambient temperature. Repeated freeze and thaw cycles should be avoided because they promote clumping and loss of soluble material. The conjugated variant adds a further consideration, since the maleimide group can hydrolyze in aqueous buffer and lose its ability to react with albumin.
Laboratory handling centers on minimizing exposure to water, heat and oxygen before use. Working solutions are typically prepared in sterile water or a mild buffer, and any residual particulate matter is removed by filtration. When the powder dissolves slowly, a small proportion of acetonitrile or dilute acetic acid is sometimes added as a co-solvent. Containers are kept sealed and desiccated between uses. Records of lot number, reconstitution date and storage conditions support later comparison of results across experiments.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | Analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone |
| Chain length | 29 amino acids | Based on the GRF(1-29) fragment |
| Appearance | White to off-white lyophilized powder | Common research supply form |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffers | Powder requires reconstitution before use |
| Typical storage | −20 °C or below | Kept away from light and moisture |
Purity is most often assessed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, reported as a percentage of total peak area. Identity is confirmed by mass spectrometry, which yields a molecular ion consistent with the expected sequence. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide additional characterization. Reported purity values are method-dependent, so figures from different laboratories are not always directly comparable without details of column, gradient, and detection wavelength.
Peptide degradation proceeds mainly through hydrolysis, oxidation of methionine, and deamidation of asparagine or glutamine residues. The maleimide group on the albumin-binding variant can also react with thiols or hydrolyze in aqueous media. Because these pathways accelerate with temperature and pH extremes, handling conditions strongly influence measured stability. Stability data in the public literature are limited and often generated under differing conditions, so general statements about shelf life should be read as approximate.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Those who take it regularly at a higher dose (more than 2–3 g daily) are at much higher risk (3.6–3.7 times) of gastrointestinal bleeding and other bleeding events. Meta-analyses suggest that paracetamol may increase the risk of kidney impairment by 23% and kidney cancer by 28%. Paracetamol slightly but significantly increases blood pressure and heart rate. A review of available research has suggested that an increase in systolic blood pressure and increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with chronic paracetamol use shows a degree of dose dependence. The association between paracetamol use and asthma in children has been a matter of controversy. However, the most recent research suggests that there is no association, and that the frequency of asthma exacerbations in children after paracetamol is the same as after another frequently used pain killer, ibuprofen. In recommended doses, the side effects of paracetamol are mild to non-existent. In contrast to aspirin, it is not a blood thinner (and thus may be used in patients where bleeding is a concern), and it does not cause gastric irritation. Compared to Ibuprofen—which can have adverse effects that include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain—paracetamol is well tolerated with fewer side effects. Prolonged daily use may cause kidney or liver damage. Paracetamol is metabolized by the liver and is hepatotoxic; side effects may be more likely in chronic alcoholics or patients with liver damage.
The Pentagon was extensively damaged, causing one section of the building's E ring to collapse. The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact; debris from the tail section penetrated the furthest into the building, breaking through 310 feet (94 m) of the three outermost of the building's five rings.
=== Metabolic disorder === People with diabetes were found to have an increased concentration of ketones, the cause of sweet urine smell, derived from the oxidation of non-esterified fatty acids. Exhaled acetone is often used as a biomarker, but its relevance as a sole biomarker for diabetes is ambiguous. Acetone is considered a biomarker in other diseases, such as lung cancer and cystic fibrosis (CF), and reports on acetone and blood glucose have been mixed. Maple syrup urine disease, characterized by a strong maple syrup scent in urine, is found to have higher keto acid levels.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
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=== Awards and honors === Sachs won the 2013 Kenneth S. Cole Award from the Biophysical Society "for his significant contributions to the understanding of cell membrane biophysics." Sachs also received an Entrepreneurial Spirit Award at UB’s annual Inventors and Entrepreneurs Reception in 2015.
=== Nitriles in medicine === Nitriles occur in numerous classes of drugs. Between 2010 and 2020, at least one drug containing a nitrile function was approved annually by the US Food and Drug Administration. The nitrile group exhibits characteristic physicochemical properties that are important in drug design. Structurally, it has a linear geometry and occupies very little space—approximately one eighth of the volume of a methyl group. As a ligand substituent, it is therefore well suited to occupying narrow and deep cavities within the binding site of a target protein that are otherwise difficult to access. Incorporation of a nitrile group into a molecule generally reduces its octanol-water partition coefficient or increases its aqueous solubility. This often favorably influences bioavailability, plasma half-life, and thus the duration of action of lipophilic compounds. In medicinal products, the nitrile group is typically metabolically stable. The nitrile group is isosteric with the carbonyl group, the hydroxy group, and the chlorine atom. It therefore exhibits similar electronic and steric properties and can be exchanged with these groups to fine-tune molecular characteristics. The hydrogen bond represents the principal pharmacodynamic interaction of the nitrile group, which acts as a proton acceptor due to the electronegativity of its nitrogen atom, in contrast to the ethynyl group.
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Sources: en.wikipedia.org
No. It is a laboratory-synthesized analog built on a fragment of the natural hormone. The natural peptide is shorter-lived and lacks the stabilizing substitutions found in the synthetic version.
DAC stands for drug affinity complex, a chemical group that binds the peptide to serum albumin. The binding slows clearance and lengthens the time the molecule stays in plasma compared with the unmodified analog.
Because two distinct molecules are discussed under one informal label. The albumin-binding version clears over several days, while the form without that group clears within roughly half an hour. Mixing results from both creates inconsistent figures.
The mass difference from the linker is large enough for routine detection by mass spectrometry. The unconjugated form gives a single sharp signal at its expected weight. Material that has already reacted with albumin shows a much higher mass and a broadened chromatographic peak.