CJC-1295 comes up often in conversation and rarely with the context attached. Here we lay out the basics in order, then work through the practical considerations.
Last reviewed on 2026-04-02. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
CJC-1295 is the name used for a synthetic peptide modeled on growth hormone-releasing hormone, the hypothalamic signal that prompts the pituitary to release growth hormone. The compound was described by a Canadian drug discovery company in the mid-2000s as a long-acting research tool. Two closely related molecules share the name in practice: one carries a drug affinity complex, or DAC, group, and one does not. The distinction matters because the two behave differently in circulation.
The peptide backbone corresponds to GRF(1-29), the first 29 residues of native growth hormone-releasing hormone, which retains most of the receptor-activating activity of the full-length molecule. Four substitutions distinguish the analog from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes slow cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, the enzyme that degrades native hormone in plasma within minutes. The outcome is improved enzymatic stability combined with a still brief residence time when no additional modification is present.
Naming in this area is inconsistent, and readers should treat product labels with care. In much of the literature and in vendor catalogs, the unqualified term refers to the albumin-binding version, while the version lacking the DAC group appears as modified GRF(1-29), mod GRF(1-29), or the same name with a without-DAC qualifier. Because one abbreviation has been applied to both materials, the only reliable way to identify a sample is to check the stated sequence and the presence of the linker.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
The drug affinity complex is a maleimidopropionic acid group attached to a lysine side chain. It reacts with the free thiol of cysteine-34 on circulating albumin, forming a covalent bond. This conjugation keeps the peptide in the bloodstream and shields it from rapid renal filtration and proteolysis. Reported circulation half-lives for the albumin-bound form fall in the range of roughly six to nine days in early human studies.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Molecular class | Synthetic peptide | GHRH analog, not a steroid |
| Backbone length | 29 amino acids | Based on GRF(1-29) |
| Substitutions | Four positions | D-Ala2, Gln8, Ala15, Leu27 |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical lyophilized research material |
| Common synonyms | Modified GRF(1-29) | Usage varies between sources |
Lyophilized peptide powder is comparatively stable when kept dry, cold, and protected from light. Once dissolved, the molecule is vulnerable to deamidation, oxidation, and aggregation, with the rate depending on pH, buffer composition, and temperature. Alkaline conditions and repeated freeze-thaw cycles accelerate loss of the intact peptide. The methionine present in the native sequence is a known oxidation site, which is one reason it was replaced in the modified fragment. Suppliers typically recommend cold storage of solutions and use within a short window.
Analytical confirmation usually relies on reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for purity and on liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for identity. Mass data reveal the expected molecular mass and can flag truncated or oxidized species. Amino acid analysis and peptide mapping provide sequence-level verification. Immunoassays are used in some biological matrices, but antibodies raised against one releasing-hormone analog may cross-react with another. Reported purity figures depend heavily on the method used, so comparisons between suppliers require matching the analytical approach.
At the pituitary, the peptide binds the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on somatotroph cells. Receptor activation raises intracellular cyclic AMP and triggers release of stored growth hormone. Somatostatin and other hypothalamic signals modulate this response. Negative feedback from insulin-like growth factor 1 also influences output. The same regulatory architecture operates with the native hormone. Whether the synthetic analog alters feedback dynamics over repeated exposure remains an open question. Most published receptor work uses cell models rather than intact human systems.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide belonging to the growth hormone-releasing hormone analog family. It comprises twenty-nine amino acid residues derived from the N-terminal region of natural GHRH. The molecule incorporates several non-natural substitutions that increase resistance to enzymatic degradation. These modifications extend its activity compared with the native hormone fragment. Researchers use it to study pituitary growth hormone secretion in laboratory and clinical settings. This compound is distinct from native GHRH in its stability profile.
Two principal forms appear in the literature and in research supply. One carries a drug affinity complex, a maleimide-based group that forms a covalent bond with circulating albumin. This linkage slows clearance and produces a long-lasting elevation of peptide levels. The other form lacks that group and is often labeled MOD GRF(1-29). It has a much shorter circulation time. Both variants retain the same core receptor-binding sequence. Reported half-lives differ substantially between the two.
=== Names === Leuprorelin is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name and BANTooltip British Approved Name, while leuprorelin acetate is its BANMTooltip British Approved Name and JANTooltip Japanese Accepted Name, leuprolide acetate is its USANTooltip United States Adopted Name and USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia, leuprorelina is its DCITTooltip Denominazione Comune Italiana, and leuproréline is its DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française. It is also known by its developmental code names A-43818, Abbott-43818, DC-2-269, and TAP-144. Leuprorelin is marketed by Bayer AG under the brand name Viadur, by Tolmar under the brand names Eligard and Fensolvi, and by TAP Pharmaceuticals (1985–2008), by Varian Pharmed( Previously named Varian Darou Pajooh) under the brand name Leupromer and Abbott Laboratories (2008–present) under the brand name Lupron.
=== Diet === Adapting nutritional intake can help to prevent and treat overtraining. Athletes in different fields will emphasize different proportional nutrition factors on the diet mainly including proteins, carbohydrates and fats. The diet includes a calorie intake that at least matches expenditure, ideally forming a suitable macronutrient ratio. During the recovery process, extra calories from diets may help the body speed the recovery. Keeping the body nourished with a balanced diet and hydrated with an adequate supply of water are both important for a successful recovery. Finally, addressing vitamin deficiencies with improved diet and/or nutritional supplements has been proposed as a way to speed up recovery.
==== 1500–1599 ==== Local Authorities' Traffic Orders (Procedure) (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1500) A4074 Trunk Road (Crowmarsh Bypass) (Detrunking) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1501) Education (School Information)(England) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1502) Education (School Performance Information) (England) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1503) Non-Domestic Rating Contributions (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1505) Non-Domestic Rating (Demand Notices) (Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1506) Value Added Tax (Supply of Services) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1507) Rent Act 1977 (Forms etc.) (Welsh Forms and Particulars) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1511) Non-Domestic Rating Act 1993 (Commencement No. 2) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1512) Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.5) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1515) Charging Orders (Residential Accommodation) (Scotland) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1516) Financial Assistance for Environmental Purposes (No. 2) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1518) Egg Products Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1520) Gas (Meters) (Amendment) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1521) Northern Ireland (Emergency and Prevention of Terrorism Provisions) (Continuance) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1522) Food Protection (Emergency Prohibitions) (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning) (No.6) Order 1993 (S.I. 1993/1523) Education (School Inspection) (Wales) Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1529) Cosmetic Products (Safety) (Amendment)Regulations 1993 (S.I. 1993/1539) Income-related Benefits Schemes (Miscellaneous Amendments) (No.
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The First World War occurred from 1914 to 1918. In terms of human technological history, the scale of World War I was enabled by the technological advances of the Second Industrial Revolution and the resulting globalization that allowed global power projection and mass production of military hardware. It had been recognized that the complex system of opposing military alliances (the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires against the British, Italian, Russian, and French Empires) was likely, if war broke out, to lead to a worldwide conflict. That caused a very minute conflict between two countries to have the potential to set off a domino effect of alliances, triggering a world war. The fact that the powers involved had large overseas empires virtually guaranteed that such a war would be worldwide, as the colonies' resources would be a crucial strategic factor. The same strategic considerations also ensured that the combatants would strike at each other's colonies, thus spreading the wars far more widely than those of pre-Columbian times. War crimes were perpetrated in World War I. Chemical weapons were used in the war despite the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 having outlawed the use of such weapons in warfare. The Ottoman Empire was responsible for the Armenian genocide, during the First World War, as well as other war crimes.
== Financial secrecy == The Financial Secrecy Index is published by the Tax Justice Network. It purports to rank jurisdictions according to their secrecy and the scale of their offshore financial activities. It is a tool for understanding global financial secrecy, tax havens, or secrecy jurisdictions, and illicit financial flows or capital flight. In the 2018 index, Thailand ranked 15 of 112 jurisdictions (1-most secretive; 112=least secretive). Switzerland ranked number one in the world. Other ranked ASEAN nations were: Singapore, 5; Malaysia, 31; Philippines, 40; Indonesia, 52; Brunei, 91.
=== Double distillation === Double-distilled water (abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by slow boiling the uncontaminated condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling. Historically, it was the de facto standard for highly purified laboratory water for biochemistry and used in laboratory trace analysis until combination purification methods of water purification became widespread.
NanoSIMS was used to study and prove for the first time the nitrogen fixing abilities of bacteria and archaea from the deep ocean by supplying 15N nitrogen contain compounds to sediment samples. NanoSIMS can also be used to estimate growth rate of organisms, as the amount of carbon or other substrate accumulated inside the cell allows for estimation of how much biomass is being generated.
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A feast is hosted to celebrate Rhaenyra and Laenor's nuptials, where Viserys' speech is interrupted by the entrance of Alicent, who boldly wears a green gown that represents a call to arms for House Hightower. The feast ends chaotically when Lord Commander of the Kingsguard Ser Criston Cole beats Laenor's male lover Ser Joffrey Lonmouth to death, after which the heartbroken Laenor and Rhaenyra marry in a private ceremony. Following this ceremony, Viserys collapses from frail health and is attended to by wedding guests. Ten years later, Viserys and Alicent have three more children (Princess Helaena, Prince Aemond, and Prince Daeron Targaryen) while Rhaenyra and Laenor have also produced three children (Prince Jacaerys ("Jace"), Prince Lucerys ("Luke"), and Prince Joffrey Velaryon) around the same age. Alicent and her supporters at court, known as the "greens", spread rumors that Rhaenyra's children are bastards fathered by Ser Harwin Strong. Viserys strongly denies these claims, and rejects his new Hand Lyonel's offer to resign in disgrace, instead allowing him to return with his son Harwin to Harrenhal. Viserys gives Rhaenyra his approval to betrothe Jace to Helaena, which draws him scorn from Alicent. Daemon and Laena have also been married in the years since the feast, and have twin daughters Baela and Rhaena Targaryen. Laena has her dragon Vhagar burn her after suffering through an unsuccessful labor, and a funeral is held for her in Driftmark where Viserys and Daemon reunite again.
=== Cardiovascular effects === The mild increase in unconjugated bilirubin due to Gilbert syndrome is closely related to the reduction in the prevalence of chronic diseases, especially cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, related risk factors, and all-cause mortality. Observational studies emphasize that the antioxidant effects of unconjugated bilirubin may bring survival benefits to patients. Several analyses have found a significantly decreased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals with GS. Specifically, people with mildly elevated levels of bilirubin (1.1 mg/dl to 2.7 mg/dl) were at lower risk for CAD and at lower risk for future heart disease. These researchers went on to perform a meta-analysis of data available up to 2002, and confirmed the incidence of atherosclerotic disease (hardening of the arteries) in subjects with GS had a close and inverse relationship to the serum bilirubin. This beneficial effect was attributed to bilirubin IXα which is recognized as a potent antioxidant, rather than confounding factors such as high-density lipoprotein levels. This association was also seen in long-term data from the Framingham Heart Study. Moderately elevated levels of bilirubin in people with GS and the (TA)7/(TA)7 genotype were associated with one-third the risk for both coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease as compared to those with the (TA)6/(TA)6 genotype (i.e. a normal, nonmutated gene locus). Platelet counts and mean platelet volume (MPV) are decreased in patients with Gilbert's syndrome.
== Accurate mass == The accurate mass (more appropriately, the measured accurate mass) is an experimentally determined mass that allows the elemental composition to be determined. For molecules with mass below 200 Da, 5 ppm accuracy is often sufficient to uniquely determine the elemental composition.
== Research == A number of 1,2-diarylethylamines have been explored in pharmaceutical research. Clinical analogs such as lanicemine (AZD6765) and remacemide have shown potential in the treatment of depression, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases. Diphenidine and ephenidine have been used in animal models to investigate NMDAR-mediated neurophysiological processes, including synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation. The unique pharmacological profiles of these compounds have also made them subjects of interest in studies of schizophrenia and psychosis. Despite promising in vitro and in vivo data, no 1,2-diarylethylamines have yet achieved widespread medical approval for psychiatric or analgesic indications.
== Scientific implications and other uses == SPINA-Beta significantly correlates with biomarkers for the allostatic load. The direction is positive, i. e., higher allostatic load is associated with higher beta cell function. This is probably due to increased beta cell mass as a result of dynamical compensation. Together with the reconstructed insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR), SPINA-GBeta provides the foundation for the definition of a fasting based disposition index of insulin-glucose homeostasis (SPINA-DI). In combination with SPINA-GR and whole-exome sequencing, calculating SPINA-GBeta helped to identify a new form of monogenetic diabetes (MODY) that is characterised by primary insulin resistance and results from a missense variant of the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) gene (p.N2291D).
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No. It is a laboratory-made analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone. The natural hormone is a 44-residue peptide, while the analog is built on a shorter 29-residue fragment.
The original material included a linker that binds serum albumin. A later variant removed that linker to reduce the duration of action. Catalogs and papers did not consistently adopt separate names, so both remain widely labeled with the same term.
The amino acid sequence and the presence or absence of the linker group. Mass measured by spectrometry gives an independent check that separates the two forms.
The two share the same 29-amino-acid backbone. CJC-1295 carries an additional albumin-binding moiety that markedly extends its residence time in circulation, while the form without that moiety clears faster. Literature sometimes applies the name loosely to either variant.