If you have been reading about CJC-1295 and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Last reviewed on 2025-11-19. Where a claim depends on a specific study, the study is described rather than over-claimed.
Binding to GHRH receptors on pituitary somatotroph cells triggers cyclic AMP signaling and stimulates growth hormone synthesis and release. Because the peptide acts upstream of the pituitary, effects are mediated through endogenous growth hormone rather than direct receptor activation in peripheral tissues. Increases in insulin-like growth factor 1 are generally described as a downstream consequence. Most published human exposure data come from small early-stage studies, and the clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic profile remains incompletely characterized.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone, built on the 29-amino-acid GHRH(1-29) fragment. Four substitutions distinguish it from the natural sequence: D-alanine at position 2, glutamine at position 8, alanine at position 15, and leucine at position 27. These changes reduce enzymatic cleavage and extend the peptide's persistence in circulation. The compound is discussed in two forms, one carrying a drug affinity complex and one without it.
Two related forms circulate in technical discussion under the same family name. The original version carries a drug affinity complex (DAC) that binds covalently to serum albumin after administration, and this linkage substantially extends circulation time. A second form, frequently written as modified GRF(1-29) or CJC-1295 without DAC, lacks that linker and clears much faster. The naming is a frequent source of confusion because the shorthand CJC-1295 can refer to either form depending on the source. Reports sometimes fail to specify which variant was studied.
The peptide backbone includes a D-alanine at position two, which resists cleavage by dipeptidyl peptidase IV, and several other substitutions that reduce degradation. Its molecular weight is roughly 3.4 kDa without the linker and about 3.6 kDa with it. The molecule is water soluble and is normally supplied as a lyophilized powder. Precise sequence and mass values depend on which variant is described, so technical documents usually state the exact form being referenced.
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide designed as a long-acting analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). Its structure derives from the first 29 amino acids of native GHRH, a fragment often called GRF(1-29). Four substitutions were introduced to slow enzymatic breakdown and extend activity relative to the natural sequence. The compound was developed by ConjuChem as part of a broader effort to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of peptide hormones. It is studied in laboratory and clinical research settings rather than appearing as a naturally occurring substance.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Physical form | Lyophilized white powder | Supplied as a freeze-dried solid for research use |
| Molecular weight | Approximately 3,647 Da (DAC form) | Lower for the variant lacking the albumin-binding moiety |
| Solubility | Soluble in water and aqueous buffer | Typically dissolved in sterile or bacteriostatic water |
| Typical storage temperature | −20 °C or below | Dry powder, desiccated and protected from light |
| Common analytical method | Reversed-phase HPLC with mass spectrometry | Used for purity estimation and identity confirmation |
Studies in this area generally track growth hormone pulses, insulin-like growth factor 1 concentrations, and occasionally body composition endpoints. Most published human data come from early, small trials, and questions about long-term effects remain open. Whether repeated exposure alters pituitary responsiveness over time is not settled. Analytical work relies on immunoassays for the hormones and on mass spectrometry for the peptide itself, because the two measurements answer different questions.
Binding of the peptide to the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor on pituitary somatotrophs triggers a G protein coupled cascade that raises cyclic AMP and opens calcium channels. The result is greater secretion of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the peptide acts at the same receptor as the natural hypothalamic hormone, its effect is amplified pulse size rather than an entirely separate release pathway. Receptor binding alone does not determine the response, since somatostatin tone and other inputs modulate the final output.
Two related forms appear under the CJC-1295 name. The simpler analogue, commonly written as modified GRF(1-29), carries the four substitutions but no additional conjugation. The second form attaches a maleimidopropionic acid linker to a lysine residue, a modification frequently called the drug affinity complex. That linker reacts with the free thiol on serum albumin to form a covalent bond. Because albumin has a long residence time in blood, the conjugated peptide stays in circulation far longer than the unconjugated analogue.
Receptor level activity follows the canonical GHRH pathway. The peptide binds the GHRH receptor, a class B G protein coupled receptor on somatotroph cells of the anterior pituitary. Binding raises intracellular cyclic AMP, which promotes calcium entry and the release of growth hormone into the bloodstream. Because the molecule acts at the same receptor as the endogenous hormone, its effect is superimposed on the natural pulsatile rhythm rather than replacing it. Whether sustained receptor occupation leads to desensitization is not fully settled.
Downstream of growth hormone, the liver and other tissues increase production of insulin-like growth factor 1, a mediator of many growth-promoting effects. Studies have documented elevated levels of both hormones after dosing, and the rise from the long-acting form persists longer than that produced by shorter-acting analogues. What remains unclear is whether sustained elevation of these markers translates into meaningful clinical benefit, and whether prolonged exposure carries risks that short trials could not detect.
CJC-1295 acts at the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor, a G-protein-coupled receptor found on somatotroph cells in the anterior pituitary. Binding triggers a rise in cyclic AMP and calcium entry, which promotes release of stored growth hormone. Because the peptide mimics the body's own releasing hormone, it amplifies existing secretory pulses rather than driving continuous output. The size of the response therefore depends partly on the subject's own hormonal rhythm and feedback state.
== Associated conditions == Diseases of the pituitary, the gland that produces, among others, the hormone ACTH Hypopituitarism, the hyposecretion of ACTH in the pituitary, leading to secondary adrenal insufficiency (a form of hypocorticism) Addison's disease, the primary adrenal insufficiency (another form of hypocorticism) Cushing's syndrome, hypercorticism, one of the causes is hypersecretion of ACTH Small cell carcinoma, a common cause of ACTH secreted ectopically Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, diseases in the production of cortisol Nelson's syndrome, the rapid enlargement of the ACTH producing pituitary after the removal of both adrenal glands Adrenoleukodystrophy, can be accompanied by adrenal insufficiency West syndrome ("infantile spasms"), a disease where ACTH is used as a therapy Postorgasmic illness syndrome (POIS), through production of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase, which two enzymes comprise the biochemical mechanism by which norepinephrine and epinephrine are produced. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency DAVID syndrome, a genetic disorder that is characterized by adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency combined with common variable immunodeficiency and hypogammaglobulinemia.
Globally, the number of people with opioid dependence increased from 10.4 million in 1990 to 15.5 million in 2010. In 2016, the numbers rose to 27 million people who experienced this disorder. Opioid use disorders resulted in 122,000 deaths worldwide in 2015, up from 18,000 in 1990. Deaths from all causes rose from 47.5 million in 1990 to 55.8 million in 2013.
Samidorphan acts primarily as an antagonist or very weak partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) and to a lesser extent as a partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) and δ-opioid receptor (DOR). In accordance with this profile, samidorphan has been observed to produce some side effects that are potentially consistent with activation of the KOR such as somnolence, sedation, dizziness, and hallucinations in some patients in clinical trials.
Elementary schools in Prince George's County operate in several configurations, ranging from Pre-K (Head Start) through grade 6. Most elementary schools operate under a kindergarten through grade 6 configuration, and lack a pre-kindergarten/Head Start program. More recently, with boundary realignments to ease overcrowding and with the opening of newer and larger schools and increased funding, several schools have changed to a PreK-6th grade configuration while others have added a Pre-kindergarten, but dropped the sixth grade, to change to a Pre-K through grade 5 school. The sixth grades from those schools were added to the elementary schools' feeder middle schools. In a cooperative effort of the county government, board of education, and the Maryland National Capital Park & Planning Commission (M-NCPPC), several M-NCPPC community centers are physically connected to elementary schools, throughout the district. The unique community park/school centers features shared use areas which include a gymnasium, multi-purpose room, exercise/fitness room, dance room, arts and crafts room, computer lab, offices, storage areas, patio area, and restrooms. Tennis courts and unlighted fields are located on-site at select centers.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
=== Post-synthetic modification === Although the three-dimensional structure and internal environment of the pores can be in theory controlled through proper selection of nodes and organic linking groups, the direct synthesis of such materials with the desired functionalities can be difficult due to the high sensitivity of MOF systems. Thermal and chemical sensitivity, as well as high reactivity of reaction materials, can make forming desired products challenging to achieve. The exchange of guest molecules and counter-ions and the removal of solvents allow for some additional functionality but are still limited to the integral parts of the framework. The post-synthetic exchange of organic linkers and metal ions is an expanding area of the field and opens up possibilities for more complex structures, increased functionality, and greater system control.
In 1857, Cuban Freemasons started on the path to form a Grand Lodge for their country. The basic requirements to form any Grand Lodge or Orient in Freemasonry is to possess three Lodges, however, there were only enough Freemasons in Cuba to form two new Lodges. Initially, they sought a charter from the Reformed Grand Orient of Hesperia (Spanish: Gran Oriente Hespérico Reformado) or the Reformed Grand Orient of Spain, but like in Cuba, Freemasonry in mainland Spain had also gone through a period of persecution and no single Grand Lodge existed anymore on the Iberian Peninsula. The Cuban Freemasons therefore found their charters in the Grand Lodge of Louisiana. That year, the Grand Lodge of Louisiana chartered Prudencia Lodge No. 2 and Fraternidad Lodge No. 1 in Santiago de Cuba.
Testing laboratories as per ISO/IEC 17025 Calibration laboratories as per ISO/IEC 17025 Medical testing laboratories as per ISO 15189 Proficiency Testing Providers (PTP) as per ISO/IEC 17043 Reference Material Producers (RMP) as per ISO 17034 Biobanking as per ISO 20387
== Early life and education == Phil S. Baran was born in Denville, New Jersey, on August 10, 1977, and grew up in Coral Springs, Florida. He was not a strong academic student in high school, but developed early interests in creative pursuits like role-playing games, computer programming, and Lego building. Encouraged by his chemistry teacher to experiment after school, Baran quickly channeled his creativity into crafting molecules. In 1995 he began a chemistry degree at New York University, and enthusiastically accepted David Schuster's offer to work in his lab, synthesizing compounds that linked C60 with porphyrins to make artificial photosynthetic systems. He received his BS in chemistry from New York University in 1997. He went on to earn his PhD from The Scripps Research Institute in 2001, under the supervision of K. C. Nicolaou, an experience he recalls was 'like hardcore Navy Seal training' and where he co-authored 30 papers in less than four years. He then pursued a postdoctoral fellowship in the laboratory of Nobel Laureate Elias James Corey at Harvard University who reflected on Baran's time in his lab, saying, "He had a phenomenal grasp of synthetic chemistry," and "felt that he could be a leader in his generation." Baran is married to Mariana Baran and has four children.
Amitriptyline inhibits serotonin transporter (SERT) and norepinephrine transporter (NET). It is metabolized to nortriptyline, a stronger norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, further augmenting amitriptyline's effects on norepinephrine reuptake (see table in this section). Amitriptyline additionally acts as a potent antagonist of the serotonin 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, the α1A-adrenergic, the histamine H1 and the M1-M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (see table in this section). Amitriptyline is a non-selective blocker of multiple ion channels, in particular, voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.3, Nav1.5, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8, voltage-gated potassium channels Kv7.2/ Kv7.3, Kv7.1, Kv7.1/KCNE1, and hERG.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Waqar, Saiama N.; Redman, Mary W.; Arnold, Susanne M.; Hirsch, Fred R.; Mack, Philip C.; Schwartz, Lawrence H.; et al. (May 2021). "A Phase II Study of Telisotuzumab Vedotin in Patients With c–MET-positive Stage IV or Recurrent Squamous Cell Lung Cancer (LUNG-MAP Sub-study S1400K, NCT03574753)". Clinical Lung Cancer. 22 (3): 170–177. doi:10.1016/j.cllc.2020.09.013. ISSN 1525-7304. PMC 8044254. PMID 33221175.
Meta's Llama models, which have been described as open-source by Meta, were adopted by U.S. defense contractors like Lockheed Martin and Oracle after unauthorized adaptations by Chinese researchers affiliated with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) came to light. The Open Source Initiative and others have contested Meta's use of the term open-source to describe Llama, due to Llama's license containing an acceptable use policy that prohibits use cases including non-U.S. military use. Chinese researchers used an earlier version of Llama to develop tools like ChatBIT, optimized for military intelligence and decision-making, prompting Meta to expand its partnerships with U.S. contractors to ensure the technology could be used strategically for national security. These applications now include logistics, maintenance, and cybersecurity enhancements.
===== Automated handover to laboratories and pharmacies ===== Some PTS installations provide automated interfaces to pre-analytical laboratory lines, allowing carriers to be received, identified, and unloaded robotically so that standard tests enter fully automated tracks with minimal manual handling. Pharmacies likewise integrate stations that enforce controlled access and electronic logging at dispatch and receipt.
== In vitro and in vivo research == Results so far have had limited success, with various CRF antagonists being tested, which showed some antidepressant effects, but failed to produce an effect comparable with conventional antidepressant drugs. However, more positive results were seen when antalarmin was combined with an SSRI antidepressant, suggesting a potential for synergistic effect. Encouraging results have also been observed using antalarmin as a potential treatment for anxiety and stress-induced hypertension. Initial studies investigating CP-154,526 showed that the compound binds with high affinity to cortical and pituitary CRH receptors across several species. Additionally, systemic administration of CP-154,526 fully antagonizes the effects of exogenous CRH on ACTH levels, cell firing in the locus coeruleus, and fear potentiation in animal models. However, this potent and selective compound demonstrated low oral bioavailability, and in vitro studies using human liver microsomes predicted high hepatic clearance, deeming the compound unsuitable for clinical development. Nevertheless, many investigators continue to study CP-154,526 and its close analogs (e.g. antalarmin), using them as tools to examine the physiology of CRH and CRH receptors, as well as to determine the potential therapeutic value of CRH1 antagonists in several CNS and peripheral disorders.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
The two share the same 29-amino-acid backbone. CJC-1295 carries an additional albumin-binding moiety that markedly extends its residence time in circulation, while the form without that moiety clears faster. Literature sometimes applies the name loosely to either variant.
It has not been approved by major regulatory agencies for any therapeutic indication. Material sold under this name is typically distributed for laboratory research only. Clinical use is not supported by large controlled trials.
Early human studies of the albumin-binding form reported circulation half-lives on the order of several days. The value depends on assay method and study design. Estimates for the form without the binding moiety are considerably shorter.
No. It is a synthetic analogue modeled on the first 29 residues of human GHRH. The substitutions and any linker are laboratory modifications rather than features of the endogenous peptide.